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Hyacinth bean was used for developing a functional yoghurt-like product with a high level of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). Germinated hyacinth bean extract was fermented with three different yoghurt cultures to pH 4.5 and then stored at 4-6 ℃ for 21 days. The variation in GABA and phytic acid levels during cold storage was evaluated. The type of culture and storage time significantly influenced GABA and phytic acid levels. Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, Lc. lactis ssp. lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus produced a yoghurt-like product with the highest level of GABA. In addition, the level of GABA and phytic acid significantly decreased during cold storage.

The selection of high-quality parental lines is a decisive factor in silkworm breeding. In Vietnam, identifying superior genetic resources is essential to modernize breeding programs and meet rising industrial demands. This study is significant as it provides a comprehensive evaluation of both bivoltine and multivoltine breeds to establish a robust foundation for future hybridization. This study evaluated the biological and economic characteristics of 10 silkworm breeds (including bivoltine silkworm and multivoltine silkworm). Results indicated that multivoltine breeds and bivoltine breeds exhibited considerable diversity in lavae and cocoon characteristics. While multivoltine breeds (TL, ĐJ, THT, 79 and VDK) exhibited superior viability (survival rates >86%). Conversely, Multigenerational silkworm breeds (TL, ĐJ, THT, 79, and VDK) showed superior survival rates (survival rate >86%), while bivoltine silkworm breeds, especially T10 and J1, demonstrated significantly higher cocoon quality and silk quality compared to multivoltine breeds, as evidenced by the cocoon shell rate (18.20%-21.22%) and silk filament length (590-830m).. Based on the Evaluation Index (EI), the breeds T10 (EI=50.54), J1 (EI=50.53), and Tan Cuu (EI=50.32) emerged as the top performers. This study confirms that while multivoltine breeds offer better survival, bivoltine breeds are indispensable for improving silk quality. T10, J1, and Tan Cuu are identified as the most promising candidates for future breeding programs aimed at enhancing silk productivity in Vietnam.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple crops worldwide, providing the primary source for more than half of the global population and playing a central role in food security, particularly in Asia and developing countries. Despite its importance, rice production is increasingly constrained by stresses that threaten both yield sustainability and environmental health. The traditional practices are using fertiliser and chemical pesticides to reduce the effects of stress and increase the productivity of rice, which potentially produces negative effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, there is a growing need for innovative strategies to enhance rice productivity sustainably. In this context, nanotechnology, particularly the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), has emerged as a promising approach to improve stress tolerance and crop performance while potentially reducing fertilizer inputs and environmental impacts. In this study, IR64 rice seedlings were exposed to AgNPs at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 ppm to assess their effects on free amino acid accumulation and metal uptake. The responses were both concentration- and tissue-dependent, with increased total and non-essential FAA levels but reduced essential amino acids at higher AgNP concentrations. Low to moderate AgNP doses enhanced metal uptake, whereas high concentrations inhibited it, with metals largely retained in roots rather than translocated to shoots. These findings provide insight into how AgNPs modulate amino acid metabolism and metal accumulation in rice, highlighting both their potential and limitations for agricultural applications.

Vermicompost leachate is a product derived from the vermicomposting process using organic materials such as agricultural by-products or household organic waste. Depending on the composting substrates, vermicompost leachate can be used as an organic fertilizer or as a natural plant protection agent. This study aimed to identify suitable composting materials for producing high-quality vermicompost leachate and to evaluate its effects on cucumber plants. The experiment consisted of three composting treatments using different substrates, including cow manure combined with water spinach, household organic waste, and coatbuttons (Bidens pilosa L.). The results showed that the treatment using cow manure combined with water spinach (TL1) produced the best performance, generating vermicompost leachate with the highest electrical conductivity (EC) (1958 µS cm⁻¹) and the greatest number of adult earthworms after composting (494 individuals). In application to cucumber plants, foliar spraying with TL1 vermicompost leachate at increasing concentrations significantly improved growth parameters, including plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry biomass, and yield. Notably, the treatment with 20% vermicompost leachate produced growth and yield comparable to the control treatment using 100% chemical fertilizer. These findings contribute to promoting the conversion of agricultural by-products into useful inputs for crop production, thereby helping to reduce organic waste and environmental pollution.

This study evaluated the antibacterial and bactericidal activities of fresh aqueous extracts prepared from guava (Psidium guajava) leaves and fruits against two important freshwater fish pathogens, Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare. For each bacterial species, three strains were revived from the bacterial collection maintained at the Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, and were confirmed by colony morphology, biochemical characteristics, and species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fresh extracts were obtained by mechanically pressing 100 g of guava leaves or fruits with 200 mL of distilled water, yielding 163 mL and 186 mL of extract, respectively. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. The inhibition zones produced by the fruit extract against E. ictaluri and F. columnare measured 21.4 mm and 25.8 mm, respectively, and were significantly smaller than those produced by the leaf extract (26.7 mm and 30.8 mm, respectively). Both extracts exhibited strong antibacterial activity, comparable to that of oxytetracycline (30 µg). The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the fruit extract against E. ictaluri and F. columnare were 1:4 (12.5%) and 1:16 (3.13%), respectively. In contrast, the leaf extract showed bactericidal activity at lower concentrations, with MBCs of 1:8 (6.25%) for E. ictaluri and 1:32 (1.57%) for F. columnare. Overall, these findings demonstrate that fresh guava leaves extract, in particular, possesses strong antibacterial and bactericidal activities and has considerable potential for controlling bacterial diseases caused by E. ictaluri and F. columnare in freshwater aquaculture.

This study was conducted to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria strains with probiotic potential and antagonistic activity against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, a major causative agent of diarrhea in piglets. A total of 282 LAB strains were isolated from 400 samples of traditional fermented foods, chicken and swine intestines, and raw milk. Among these, 92 isolates (32.62%) exhibited inhibitory activity against ETEC, and the 10 strains with the strongest antagonistic activity were selected for further characterization. MALDI-TOF MS revealed that the selected strains belonged to Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Levilactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Enterococcus faecium. All selected LAB strains were non-hemolytic and tolerant to acidic conditions and bile salts, with survival rates ranging from 48.48% to 97.67%. Auto-aggregation and co-aggregation with ETEC ranged from 41.96%–67.52% and 25.85%–45.06%, respectively. All LAB strains exhibited resistance to at least two antibiotics, with five distinct resistance phenotypes. These findings suggest that the selected LAB strains are promising candidates for developing probiotic formulations to prevent diarrhea caused by ETEC in piglets. Keywords

Mangoderma subresinosum is a medicinal mushroom with potential biological activities; however, information on polysaccharides from its fruiting bodies remains limited.  Polysaccharide extracts were obtained from the dried fruiting bodies of Mangoderma subresinosum strains Am6 and Am32, using the commercial Ganoderma lucidum strain DT as a reference. Total polysaccharide content was determined using a D-glucose calibration curve and expressed as mg glucose equivalents per gram of dry extract (mg GE/g dry extract). Antioxidant activity was assessed using the ABTS⁺ radical-scavenging assay, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the bovine serum albumin denaturation assay. The polysaccharide extraction yields of M. subresinosum strains Am6 and Am32 were 11.43% and 12.23%, respectively, compared with 10.24% for G. lucidum strain DT. Among the tested extracts, Am32 showed the highest total polysaccharide content, reaching 700.08 ± 36.98 mg GE/g dry extract, which was significantly higher than those of M. subresinosum strain Am6 and G. lucidum strain DT. The PS extracts of M. subresinosum exhibited concentration-dependent ABTS⁺ radical-scavenging activity, although their IC₅₀ values were higher than those of G. lucidum strain DT and ascorbic acid. In the BSA denaturation assay, the PS extract of M. subresinosum strain Am32 exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory activity, showing greater inhibitory activity than the G. lucidum PS extract. This study demonstrated that the fruiting bodies of M. subresinosum are an abundant source of polysaccharides with promising medicinal potential. Further studies on the composition, molecular structure, and biological mechanisms are needed to clarify the bioactive properties of polysaccharide compounds from this mushroom species.

This study investigates the role of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) genes in the stress responses of cassava by using bioinformatics tools. We conducted an in-depth analysis of the 1 kb promoter regions of PI-PLC genes to identify cis-regulatory elements associated with stress responses and phyto-hormone induction. Key elements related to cold stress, drought, and defense were identified, along with cis-elements linked to abscisic acid, gibberellin, and jasmonic acid signaling pathways. Expression profiles of these PI-PLC genes were then examined under conditions of simulated drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol 6000 treatment and cassava brown streak disease inoculation. The results revealed significant differential expression in major tissues, particularly in roots and leaves, indicating the genes' critical roles in both abiotic and biotic stress adaptations. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic networks that contribute to cassava's stress tolerance and point to potential targets for improving crop resilience through biotechnological approaches.

In the context of the rapid development of Industrial Revolution 4.0, the integration of industrial robots with machine vision technology is becoming an inevitable trend to enhance the level of automation in manufacturing. This paper presents the results of research, design, and construction of a 3-axis Cartesian robot model integrated with a machine vision system for product sorting on a conveyor belt. The system is designed with a working area of 400 × 700 × 150 mm and is capable of recognizing and sorting products based on surface print quality through image processing algorithms. Object tracking is applied to allow the robot to perform picking operations under continuously moving conveyor belt conditions. Experimental results show that the system achieves a sorting accuracy of over 95%, ensuring stability and applicability in training and research. The research contributes to proposing a cost-effective solution suitable for implementation in small and medium-sized enterprises.

In the context of precision machining, predicting the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of cutting tools plays a critical role in optimizing production processes and reducing maintenance costs. This study proposes and develops four machine learning models for predicting tool RUL in milling operations, including Exponential Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Fine Tree, Linear Regression, and Quadratic Support Vector Machine (SVM). The input dataset is constructed from sensor signals and key process parameters, including three-axis vibrations (vibration­_x, vibration_y, vibration_z), acoustic emission signals, spindle load, cutting speed, feed rate, material hardness, and tool wear. The models are trained and evaluated using standard performance metrics, namely the coefficient of determination (R²), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Experimental results indicate that the Linear Regression model outperforms the other models, achieving an R² value of 1 and extremely low prediction errors (RMSE = 4.1 × 10⁻⁸; MAE = 3.2 × 10⁻⁸). The findings suggest that the proposed framework is both effective and highly applicable for tool condition monitoring, while also supporting the optimization of cutting parameters in milling processes.

Owing to their large size, desirable texture, and favorable flavor, Macrocybe species are considered valuable edible mushrooms with commercial cultivation potential. However, very few studies have investigated the optimal culture conditions for this genus. This study aimed to identify a wild mushroom strain, Mac-1, based on morphological characteristics and ITS sequence analysis and to optimize culture conditions for mycelial growth and fruiting body development. Morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain Mac-1 belongs to the species Macrocybe gigantea. The strain exhibited the fastest mycelial growth (3.76 mm/day) and the highest mycelial density on PGA medium at 30 oC. Among the nitrogen sources tested, yeast extract was the most suitable for mycelial growth, with a growth rate of 4.43mm/day. For mother spawn production, rice grains supplemented with 10–40% sawdust and 1% CaCO3 supported optimal mycelial colonization. The most effective cultivation substrate consisted of cotton waste and sawdust mixed at a 1:1 ratio and supplemented with 6% wheat bran. Under these conditions, rapid substrate colonization and successful fruiting body formation of strain Mac-1 were achieved, resulting in a biological efficiency of 43.07% in the first flush and an average fruiting body weight of 71.78 g. Overall, our findings provide a scientific basis for the cultivation of M. gigantea strain Mac-1 and demonstrate its potential as a promising edible mushroom for commercial production.

Few studies have examined comprehensive factors affecting consumers’ behavior toward sustainable fashion, especially in developing countries. This study identifies the factors affecting sustainable fashion consumption behavior among Generation Z in Vietnam, a demographic segment playing a pivotal role in shaping modern consumer trends. Data were collected from 216 respondents through an online survey and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The findings reveal that environmental concern plays a crucial role in motivating the young generation to purchase sustainable fashion. Also, awareness of sustainable fashion significantly and positively affects the tendency to engage in sustainable purchasing. In contrast, price sensitivity negatively impacts purchase decisions, indicating that financial barriers remain a major obstacle to sustainable consumption. Gender and education are also associated with purchasing behavior toward sustainable fashion. Moreover, the high shopping frequency reflects a gap between current consumer behavior and sustainability goals. Based on these results, this study recommends targeted policies to enhance public awareness and facilitate access to sustainable fashion. These include educational campaigns, financial support initiatives, and eco-labeling strategies to promote responsible consumption habits among the youth in the future.

This study examines the role of human capital in influencing organic fertilizer adoption among vegetable-farming households in Phuc Loc commune in the context of agricultural digital transformation. Survey data were collected from 100 households in study area. The results reveal clear differences between organic fertilizer users and non-users, particularly in terms of digital skills. Households adopting organic fertilizers demonstrate higher levels of both traditional human capital (education, farming experience, labor participation, and training) and digital human capital, including abilities to access, evaluate, and apply digital information. A fractional logit model is employed to analyze the relationship between human capital and the share of organic fertilizer expenditure in total fertilizer costs. The findings indicate that digital human capital—such as skills in using digital devices, filtering information, searching for fertilizer-related content, applying instructional videos, purchasing inputs via digital platforms, and promoting products on social media—positively affects organic fertilizer use. In contrast, online market information search, perceived information overload, and risk awareness show negative associations. Overall, the results suggest that promoting green agricultural practices requires systematic investment in farmers’ human capital, particularly digital skills.

Despite growing emphasis on digital transformation in rural development, empirical evidence on gender disparities in digital understanding and adoption in Vietnam remains limited. This study examines gender-based differences and the determinants of digital technology adoption capacity among 195 rural households in Ninh Binh province. Using parametric and non-parametric tests alongside multiple linear regression models, the study identifies significant gender gaps, with women exhibiting lower levels of digital understanding and application use than men. Gender remains a significant predictor of both outcomes after controlling for socio-demographic and economic factors. Age negatively influences digital understanding and adoption, whereas education and income positively affect adoption capacity. Notably, digital understanding strongly predicts adoption, underscoring its mediating role in translating knowledge into usage. Ownership of internet-connected devices further supports digital engagement, while cooperative membership and digital information provision show no significant effects. The findings highlight the multidimensional nature of rural digital inequality and underscore the need for gender-responsive training, enhanced digital literacy initiatives, improved digital infrastructure access, and institutional reform to foster inclusive digital development in Vietnam.

African swine fever (ASF) continues to cause billions of dollars in global losses each year, disrupting pork supply chains and food security across Asia. This review analyzes the persistent gap between laboratory success and field performance of African swine fever vaccines, emphasizing live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) and hybrid next-generation platforms. It synthesizes recent findings on gene-deleted LAVs, encapsulin-based subunits, and mRNA or nanoparticle boosters that collectively aim to balance efficacy, safety, and DIVA compatibility. Key challenges include incomplete cross-protection, undefined immune correlates, and biosafety risks such as virulence reversion or recombination. Manufacturing constraints—dependence on porcine cell substrates, quality assurance, and scalability—compound system-level obstacles related to fragmented regulation and limited pharmacovigilance. Vietnam’s supervised rollout of NAVET-ASFVAC and AVAC ASF LIVE, with millions of doses deployed under strict monitoring, exemplifies a risk-managed model for national implementation. Looking ahead, coordinated regional governance, standardized challenge models, and harmonized regulatory frameworks are essential to translate next-generation hybrid vaccines into safe, scalable, and equitable ASF control strategies.