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Hyacinth bean was used for developing a functional yoghurt-like product with a high level of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). Germinated hyacinth bean extract was fermented with three different yoghurt cultures to pH 4.5 and then stored at 4-6 ℃ for 21 days. The variation in GABA and phytic acid levels during cold storage was evaluated. The type of culture and storage time significantly influenced GABA and phytic acid levels. Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, Lc. lactis ssp. lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus produced a yoghurt-like product with the highest level of GABA. In addition, the level of GABA and phytic acid significantly decreased during cold storage.

This study explores the phytochemical composition and biological effects of Ficus racemosa bark extracts using various solvents (acetone, hexane, methanol, ethanol, aqueous mixtures).  The presence of bioactive compounds, including glycosides, steroids, tannins, polyphenols, and flavonoids was analyzed. Antioxidant potential was assessed via DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric reducing power assays. In the DPPH assay, IC50 values ranged from 5.55 to 9.89 mgL-1, with the ethanol extract (S4) showing the lowest IC50 (5.55 mg.L-1), surpassing vitamin C (IC50 = 6.18 mg.L-1). The ferric reducing power assay indicated that the methanol extract (S2) exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity with an EC50 of 7.59 mg.L-1, 3.5 times lower than that of the BHA standard (26.82 mg.L-1). In vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assays revealed that all extracts effectively suppressed enzyme activity , with IC50 values from 0.049 mg.L-1 (S4) to 0.66 mg.L-1 (S1), significantly lower than  acarbose (IC50 = 156.16 mg.L-1). Additionally, the extracts markedly reduced nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, with IC50 values between 62.08 and 182.47 µg.mL-1, compared to the positive control L-NMMA (IC50 = 11.91 µg.mL-1). These findings highlight the potent antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties of F. racemosa bark extracts, supporting their potential as natural therapeutic agents.

The present experiment was conducted to study genetic variability of 5×5 half diallel F2 populations of boro rice. F2 populations of 10 bi-parental crosses viz.  P1×P2, P1×P3, P1×P4, P1×P5, P2×P3, P2×P4, P2×P5, P3×P4, P3×P5 and P4×P5 along with their parents were evaluated for yield and its related traits. Analysis of variance revealed wide range of significant variability for all the traits among the segregating progenies and parental genotypes except grain width. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters studied except grain length breadth ratio suggesting environmental influence on the expression of the traits. High heritability (>60%) coupled with high genetic advance (>20%) were recorded for grain length (h2b= 96.021%, GAM= 22.137%), grain length breadth ratio (h2b= 95.308%, GAM= 40.7%) and 1000-grain weight (h2b= 71.963, GAM= 25.316) exhibited good scope for improving these traits through phenotypic selection due to additive gene action. Variability based on boxplots also revealed wider range of variability among the genotypes. The F2 family P3×P4 showed maximum transgressive segregation followed by P3×P5 for the important traits of filled grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight.

This study explores the sustainable management of agricultural waste through the transformation of spoiled eggs into high-quality liquid fertilizers. Egg-based fertilizers (EFs) prepared from different input compositions were characterized physicochemical properties and evaluated effect on the growth, physiological performance, and yield of Malabar spinach (Basella alba). Three treatments were prepared: EF1 (spoiled eggs without chicks), EF2 (spoiled eggs with chicks), and EF3 (a 1:1 mixture of both). EF1 contained the highest concentrations of total nitrogen (6.09 g L⁻¹), total and available phosphorus (1.05 g L⁻¹ and 0.80 g L⁻¹ P₂O₅, respectively), and total calcium (3.79 g L⁻¹ CaO), with no detectable Escherichia coli or Salmonella. EF3 had the highest potassium content (1.16 g L⁻¹ total and 1.04 g L⁻¹ available K₂O). In a field trial, EF1 was applied at concentrations of 10‰, 15‰, and 20‰, and compared with a commercial organic fish fertilizer and an unfertilized control. Application of EF1 at 15‰ significantly improved shoot length, leaf dimensions, SPAD, leaf area index (LAI), and yield (6.3 and 11.9 t ha⁻¹ at 21 and 37 days after planting, respectively). Yield was strongly correlated with leaf length (r = 0.96**), leaf width (r = 0.92**), SPAD (r = 0.84**), and LAI (r = 0.90**), underscoring the importance of leaf expansion and chlorophyll content in determining productivity. Nitrate concentrations in all treatments remained below 150 mg kg⁻¹, well within safe limits for leafy vegetables. These findings highlight EF1 at 15‰ as a safe, effective, and sustainable fertilizer option for leafy vegetable production.

The demand of glutinous rice for exporting has been increased significantly in Vietnam, which encourage breeding new hybrid glutinous rice for meeting the needed yield. Waxy – TGMS lines were the most important material to develop glutinous two-line hybrid rice but there has not been any breeding line for developing commercial glutinous hybrid rice in Viet Nam. This work aims to select promising homozygous waxy-TGMS rice plants, from three breeding populations, for developing potential waxy-TGMS lines. Individuals from three F2 populations derived from the crosses of between non-waxy TGMS lines (tms5 gene donor) and popular glutinous rice varieties (wx gene donor) were screened in their phenotype (11 important quantitative agronomic traits) and genotype (at tms5 and wx locus) to identify homozygous waxy-TGMS plants (tms5/tms5 wx/wx) with advantaged agronomic characters. Assessment of important quantitative agronomic traits on F2 populations, identified 142 promising F2 individuals which had advantaged agronomic characters. Genotype of waxy locus of a promising F2 individual was identified by the segregation in its F3 grains of waxy/non-waxy phenotype, through I2KI grain staining. 39 of 142 promising individuals had the whole F3 grains to be glutinous (i.e., had homozygous wx/wx genotype, P < 0.01). The genotype of tms5 locus of each advantaged glutinous was identified through marker-assisted selection (MAS) which showed that 10 of 39 glutinous individuals had homozygous tms5/tms5 genotype

The study investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH), derived from fish processing by-products, on the growth, yield, and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in a static hydroponic system. Four nutrient treatments were evaluated: a control using a commercial inorganic Snap solution (T1) and three FPH-based solutions at concentrations of 300 ppm (T2), 600 ppm (T3), and 900 ppm (T4). Results showed that the 600 ppm FPH treatment (T3) significantly enhanced plant growth and physiological performance compared with the control. Lettuce under T3 achieved the greatest root length (21.4 cm), canopy diameter (27.6 cm), SPAD value (38.5), and fresh yield (438.2 g plant⁻¹), representing a 22-30% increase over T1. Quality attributes also improved under moderate FPH application. Vitamin C content increased to 10.5 mg 100 g⁻¹ in T3 compared with 7.5 mg 100 g⁻¹ in the control, while nitrate concentration decreased markedly from 398.5 to 242.1 mg 100 g⁻¹. Soluble solids content rose from 3.7 to 4.2 °Brix, indicating improved sweetness and flavor. No Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp. contamination was detected in any treatment, confirming product safety. Overall, the application of 600 ppm FPH provided an optimal balance between yield, nutritional quality, and microbial safety. These findings demonstrate that fish protein hydrolysate offers a cost-effective and sustainable nutrient alternative for hydroponic lettuce production, promoting circular resource utilization and environmentally friendly agriculture.

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been widely implemented worldwide; however, their adoption in Vietnam has occurred only over the past decade and remains limited due to several operational challenges. Among these, disease management is particularly difficult because chemical treatments can disrupt the microbial community within the biofilter. This study evaluated the use of low-dose formalin treatment (15–20 ppm, 10 h exposure, repeated three times over three consecutive days) to control Gyrodactylus sp. infection in rainbow trout cultured in RAS. The results indicated fluctuations in water quality parameters, including temporary increases in NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, and COD concentrations, associated with a decline in nitrifying microbial activity. Nevertheless, these changes remained within acceptable limits and did not cause severe system disruption. After three days of treatment, fish mortality significantly decreased, while parasite infection dropped from approximately 120–150 to 4–7 Gyrodactylus per microscopic field. The findings demonstrate that low-dose formalin treatment effectively reduces mortality in infected rainbow trout without severely impairing the beneficial microbial community in RAS.

Banana peel is a readily available agricultural by-product with potential use in poultry feeding. This study investigated the effects of banana peel powder (BPP) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, carcass yield and meat quality of broilers. A total of 126 one-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: control (BPP0, corn – soybean basal diet), BPP7 (7% banana peel), and BPP10 (10% banana peel), with three replicates of 14 birds each, and reared for 35 days. Survival rate was not significantly different among groups (P > 0.05), although BPP10 showed the highest value (96.97%). The inclusion of 7% and 10% in the diets did not significantly affect initial weight, average daily gain, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). However, broilers fed the 10% BPP diet showed numerically higher final weight and weight gain, with both parameters reaching statistical significance (P = 0.05). There are no statistically significant differences were observed in villus height, crypt depth, or the villus height to crypt depth ratio. Carcass traits were not influenced by diet (P > 0.05). However, several meat quality traits were significantly affected (P <0.05). In thigh meat,  yellowness (b*) decreased in VC7 and VC10. In breast meat, lightness (L*) increased and yellowness (b*) decreased with banana peel inclusion (P < 0.05). In conclusion, inclusion of 10% banana peel powder tended to enhance growth and altered meat color without adverse effects on FCR or carcass yield, supporting its potential as a sustainable feed ingredient in broiler production.

This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of fermented betel leaf preparation on growth performance, feed utilization, and resistance to Aeromonas veronii infection in common carp Cyprinus carpio. A 6-week feeding trial was conducted using four diets: PF0 (control), PF2 (2 g kg-1), PF5 (5 g kg-1), and PF10 (10 g kg-1). After the feeding period, fish were challenged with A. veronii, and cumulative mortality was recorded over 14 days to assess disease resistance. Results showed that supplementation at 10 g kg-1, significantly enhanced growth performance, while feed utilization indices did not differ among treatments. Survival during the feeding period remained 100%, indicating that the fermented preparation was safe for fish. The PF10 group exhibited the lowest cumulative mortality (22.73%), followed by PF5 (35.38%), both significantly lower than the control (46.67%), demonstrating the immunoprotective potential of the fermented product. Overall, the findings indicate that dietary inclusion of fermented betel leaf, especially at 10 g kg-1, can improve growth, maintain feed efficiency, and enhance resistance to A. veronii infection in common carp, contributing to safer and more sustainable aquaculture practices.

Vietnam’s favorable geographical location and climate have endowed it with a prosperous and diverse system of medicinal plants. However, illegal and unsustainable logging of these plants in natural forests has led to their depletion and endangerment. Ba Vi commune, located in the buffer zone of Ba Vi National Park, is home to the Dao people, that have long preserved and developed traditional medicine. The study utilized face-to-face interviews with 50 households, in-depth interviews with the key stakeholders, and group discussions to assess the potential for household-based conservation of medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune. The findings revealed that over 200 species of medicinal plants are exploited and used by the Dao people, including rare species such as Stephania dielsiana C. Y. Wu, Asarum glabrum Merr… Despite strict legal prohibitions against exploiting of forest resources in the core zone of Ba Vi National Park, 40 percent of the interviewed households admitted to collecting medicinal plants from these protected areas. To mitigate this, the Dao people living in the buffer zone of Ba Vi National Park have been encouraged to cultivate medicinal plants to meet the demand for traditional medicine, reduce pressure on natural forests, and improve their livelihoods. However, the medicinal plant cultivation areas were small and fragmented. The lack of arable land, suitable plant varieties, and cultivation techniques have been considered as obstacles to the expansion of medicinal plant cultivation areas in the study site. Addressing these obstacles is crucial for ensuring the sustainability of the Dao community’s traditional medicine

Trace metal (TM) contamination in post-mining soils represents a long-term environmental risk due to potential leaching into groundwater. This study assessed TM behaviour along the soil–groundwater pathway at a recently abandoned bauxite mining site in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, currently cultivated with cassava for bioenergy production. Soil profiles were sampled for physicochemical characterization, solid-phase TM contents, and TM mobility. Mobility was evaluated through sequential extractions and in-situ soil solution sampling with suction cups, while soil water fluxes were simulated using HYDRUS-1D based on laboratory-derived hydraulic parameters. The soils were moderately acidic (pH 5.1 ± 0.3) and rich in Fe- and Al-(hydr)oxides, favouring strong sorption and limited TM mobility. Sequential extraction showed that the mobile fractions of Cu, Zn, and Pb accounted for less than 1% of total concentrations, indicating very low bioavailability. In contrast, soil solution samples collected in situ displayed slightly higher TM concentrations, likely due to natural complexation with dissolved organic matter and minor redox fluctuations. Simulation of the soil water balance indicated an annual infiltration of 3,654 mm, evapotranspiration of 845 mm, and seepage of 2,809 mm, with TM loads far below admissible regulatory limits. Overall, TM mobility and seepage loads remain negligible under current soil and climatic conditions. However, continuous monitoring is recommended, as potential changes in pH, organic matter, or precipitation patterns could alter TM solubility and increase leaching risks in the future.

Consumer demand for safe food has been shaping the development of value chains. Demand is influenced by consumer knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and trust in the value chain among other factors. We developed a food safety performance tool and used it to evaluate consumers KAP about food safety in different pork value chains in Vietnam. A total of 170 consumers from difference pork value chains in Hanoi, Hung Yen and Nghe An provinces were selected to participate in key informal interviews. Pork value chains are transitioning, with greater attention to consumer demands for safer products, yet some consumer misconceptions about food safety were observed with little concern given to microbial contamination. Proper attitudes on foodborne illness and applying good hygiene practices in households were obtained from interviewed participants. Whereas consumers overall have low trust in value chain actors, including those important for food safety (i.e., farmers and input suppliers), and highly ranked food safety responsibility of pig producers and government authorities. Among communication channels, higher trust was placed in television news from the government. To be competitive, the smallholder pork value chain should focus on product differentiation, such as signalling good agricultural practices and organizing a shorter chain, including cooperatives model, with product traceability. Government could aid this development by implementing effective communication, educational and training programs about food safety to consumers and all chain actors

The study aims to analyze the factors influencing the acceptance of the 1C software application in working capital management among enterprises in ThaiBinh City. A quantitative research approach was employed, involving 166 samples collected through both direct. After data collection and processing, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), hypothesis testing based on the research model using structural equation modeling (SEM), and multi-group analysis were conducted with SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 24 software. The results reveal that acceptance is influenced by seven factors, all of which have a positive impact, with three factors exerting the most significant influence: accounting staff competence, technological infrastructure, and perceived ease of use. Based on these findings, the study proposes the following solutions: (1) enhancing the qualifications and technological capabilities of accounting staff; (2) investing in and improving technological infrastructure; (3) increasing awareness of the software’s ease of use; (4) raising awareness of its usefulness, legal compliance, and risk mitigation; and (5) optimizing investment costs.

Digital transformation in the governance of agricultural cooperatives has emerged as a strategic solution to enhance operational efficiency, transparency, and competitiveness in the era of Agriculture 4.0. This paper develops an analytical framework grounded in established theories—including the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework to identify key factors influencing digital transformation. These include technological infrastructure, enabling institutional frameworks, human resource capacity, market-driven imperatives, and organizational digital readiness. Based on this framework, the study proposes a five-stage digital transformation roadmap, ranging from basic data digitization to the integration of intelligent management systems such as ERP, DSS, and AI. The findings suggest that small-scale cooperatives should start with low-cost technologies such as Excel and basic accounting software; mid-sized cooperatives can adopt e-commerce platforms and product traceability systems; and leading cooperatives may incorporate advanced technologies such as AI and blockchain. The paper also synthesizes lessons learned from China, the European Union, Africa, and Malawi to offer policy recommendations tailored to the Vietnamese context.

Biochar has been applied in various fields due to its unique physicochemical properties. Although its application has been extensively used in other countries, research within the Philippine context remains limited. With the growing demand and popularity of biochar, understanding the trends in its application within the country could provide direction for future research on the material. The result of the bibliometric analysis showed that the trend in biochar research in the Philippines is gaining traction and popularity for various uses. Although still at a slower pace than its neighboring countries, biochar research is gaining popularity in the Philippines due to its numerous applications, primarily used in agriculture and the environment. Currently, clustered areas of biochar research in the country include identifying suitable biomass for pyrolysis, exploring the adsorptive properties of biochar, and utilizing it as a carrier for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The limited clusters imply fewer applications, indicating the potential for biochar to expand into various other utilizations. Additionally, aside from research and development funding, there is a noticeable gap in international collaborations, and the number of dedicated experts in biochar research is still insufficient. These factors must be addressed, which are vital for advancing biochar research in the Philippines.

The carbon market has experienced significant growth, particularly since the Paris Agreement in 2015. This trend presents a substantial opportunity for carbon credits in general and Vietnam’s agricultural sectors specifically, with the potential to reach up to 57 million tCO2e annually. Carbon credits from Vietnam's forests have been traded, primarily through voluntary markets, with transactions and funding largely derived from donors. However, the development of the carbon credit market in Vietnam's agricultural sectors still faces numerous challenges, including an incomplete legal framework; a lack of methods and standards for measuring, monitoring, and verifying credits; limited production systems that simultaneously generate agricultural products and carbon credits; and insufficient financial resources and specialized human capital throughout the process from production to carbon market transactions. This paper recommends the establishment of a comprehensive carbon market, including a robust legal framework that enables both domestic and international transactions, alongside capacity building and research to develop processes from carbon credit production to market trading