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• Azolla Fertilizer as an Alternative Organic Nitrogen Source for Malabar Spinach Production

  Vu Duy Hoang, Nguyen Thi Thu Hien, Tran Van Quang

  Received: Dec 05, 2022 / Published: Sep 29, 2023

   Abstract PDF

  The spread of organic farming has led to the need for identifying alternative sources of high-quality organic fertilizer. Azolla is a genus of floating aquatic ferns which has high nitrogen and organic matter content due to its fast growth and symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Anabaena-azollae). However, little research has been done on the use of Azolla as an organic fertilizer for vegetable production. The study evaluated the effects of different levels of Azolla fertilizer on the growth and yield of Malabar spinach (Basella alba). The experiment included 6 treatments: Without application – as a control (T1); 1 ton ha-1 soybean meal (T2); 16 tons ha-1 cow manure (T3); 12 tons ha-1 Azolla fertilizer (T4); 16 tons ha-1 Azolla fertilizer (T5); and 20 tons ha-1 Azolla fertilizer (T6). The results showed that the application of Azolla fertilizer significantly increased shoot length, number of leaves, leaf size, dry matter, leaf area index (LAI), and SPAD of Malabar spinach compared to the control or cow manure. The application of Azolla fertilizer at the rates of 12, 16, and 20 tons ha-1 significantly increased the yield of Malabar spinach by 150, 192, and 205%, respectively, compared to the control; and by 37, 60, and 67%, respectively, compared to the cow manure treatment. Yields and parameters of harvested vegetables were the highest in treatments with 16 to 20 tons ha-1 Azolla fertilizer. The results suggest that Azolla fertilizer can be used as an alternative organic nitrogen source in organic vegetable production.

• Effects of Organic Fertilizer and HB101 Plant Vitalizer on the Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

  Nguyen Thi Loan, Nguyen Ngoc Hung

  Received: Jun 14, 2019 / Published: Aug 30, 2019

   Abstract PDF

  To study the effects of organic fertilizer and HB101 organic plant vitalizer on the growth and yield components of the BH9 rice variety, a field experiment with 4 x 3 factorial design was conducted at Hong Thai commune, Kien Xuong district, Thai Binh province in 2017 summer season using a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Organic fertilizer derived from chicken manure and peat was applied at 3 levels (0 ton ha-1, 4 tons ha-1, and 6 tons ha-1) while the HB101 plant vitalizer was sprayed in 4 levels (0%, 0.015%, 0.025%, and 0.035%; the amount of water to dilute HB101 was 1000 litre ha-1). The application of the organic fertilizer alone and the combination of organic fertilizer and HB101 positively increased the total tiller number, effective tiller number, leaf area index (LAI), SPAD value, dry matter accumulation, yield components, and grain yield of rice. There were also differences in the SPAD values (at flowering stage), dry matter weight (at active tillering stage), and 1000 grain weight under the influence of the HB101 solution. The combination of 6 tons ha-1 organic fertilizer and  HB101 significantly increased the grain yield as compared to the other treatments, and the highest grain yield (3.03 tons ha-1) was obtained when  organic fertilizer (6 tons ha-1) was applied in combination with HB101 plant vitalizer (0.025%).

• Integration of Mineral Fertilizer with Organic Fertilizer for Improved Tomato Fruit Yield and Quality

  Nguyen Thi Loan, Nguyen Ngoc Hung, Tran Thi Thiem, Thieu Thi Phong Thu

  Received: May 15, 2023 / Accepted: Jun 12, 2024 / Published: Jun 28, 2024

   Abstract PDF

  This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chemical and organic fertilizers in different fertilization regimes on vegetative growth, fruit yield, and fruit quality of tomatoes. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the winter season of 2021. The treatments were: no fertilizers, application of NPK fertilizer (15-15-15) at a rate of 1000 kg ha-1, application of chicken manure at a rate of 12 tons ha-1, and three treatments of the combination of NPK fertilizer and chicken manure at the ratios of 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70, respectively. The results indicated that the combination of chemical and organic fertilizers led to improved vegetative plant growth. Combining 70% of NPK fertilizer with 30% of chicken manure gave the maximum fruit yield component values and fruit yield of tomatoes. Adding chicken manure to the fertilization regimes also led to better fruit quality. The integrated fertilization increased the TSS and vitamin C values, and when 50-70% of the chemical fertilizers were substituted with chicken manure, the sugar content and total acid increased in the fruits. The color at the red stage was more intense in tomato fruits treated with the NPK fertilizer and integrated fertilization regimes compared to those from organic fertilization.

• Digital Human Capital and Organic Fertilizer Adoption among Vegetable Farming Households in Vietnam: A Case Study in Phuc Loc Commune, Hanoi

  Ho Ngoc Cuong, Nguyen Manh Hieu, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Thuong, Nguyen Thi Thuy Dung, Khuat Thi Thu Trang, Nguyen Tien Huy, Nguyen Viet Song, Dang Huy Bao, Nguyen Minh Trong, Doan Thi Thuy

  Received: Jan 20, 2026 / Accepted: May 13, 2026 / Published: Sep 30, 2026

   Abstract PDF

  This study examined the influence of digital human capital on organic fertilizer adoption among vegetable-farming households in Phuc Loc commune, Hanoi, Vietnam. Employing a fractional logit model, the study analyzed the determinants of adoption intensity, measured as the share of organic fertilizer expenditure in total fertilizer costs. Findings revealed that digital information utilization and learning capacity were primary drivers, significantly reducing information asymmetry and technical risks. The results suggest that promoting green agricultural practices requires systematic investment in the farmers’ human capital, particularly digital skills.

• Optimizing Input Materials to Enhance Egg-Based Fertilizer Quality and Assessing Its Performance in Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) Cultivation

  Phan Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Ai Nghia, Le Thi Hong Van, Do Thi Huong

  Received: Aug 13, 2025 / Accepted: Jan 23, 2026 / Published: Jun 30, 2026

   Abstract PDF

  This study explored a sustainable approach to agricultural waste management by converting spoiled eggs into high-quality liquid fertilizers. Egg-based fertilizers (EFs) produced from different input compositions were characterized for their physicochemical properties, and the most suitable EF was further evaluated for its effects on the growth, physiological performance, and yield of Malabar spinach (Basella alba). Three treatments were prepared: EF1 (spoiled eggs without chicks), EF2 (spoiled eggs with chicks), and EF3 (a 1:1 mixture of both). EF1 contained the highest levels of total nitrogen (6.09 g L-1), total and available phosphorus (1.05 and 0.80 g L-1 P₂O₅, respectively), and total calcium (3.79 g L-1 CaO), with no detectable Escherichia coli or Salmonella. EF3 exhibited the highest potassium content (1.16 g L-1 total and 1.04 g L-1 available K₂O). In a field trial, EF1 was applied at 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, and compared with a commercial organic fish fertilizer and an unfertilized control. Applications of EF1 at 1.5% significantly enhanced shoot length, leaf dimensions, SPAD, leaf area index (LAI), and yield (6.3 and 11.9 t ha-1 at 21 and 37 days after planting, respectively). Yield showed strong positive correlations with leaf length (r = 0.96**), leaf width (r = 0.92**), SPAD (r = 0.84**), and LAI (r = 0.90**), supporting the observed treatment effects. Nitrate concentrations in all the treatments remained below 150 mg kg-1, within safe limits for leafy vegetables. Overall, EF1 at 1.5% represents a safe, effective, and sustainable fertilization option for Malabar spinach production.

• Water-Saving Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer Use Efficiency for Irrigated Rice in the Red River Delta, Vietnam

  Ngo Thanh Son, Nguyen Thu Ha

  Received: Feb 02, 2021 / Published: Oct 28, 2021

   Abstract PDF

  The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of water-saving regimes and fertilizer application improvement on water productivity, N-use efficiency, and rice yield. The results showed that the tested water treatments did not have significant effects on the growth and development, yield components, and final grain yield, but water productivity was significantly increased from 1.28 kg grain m-3 (W0) water to 1.74 kg grain m-3 water (W1) and 1.94 kg grain m-3 water (W2). In addition, the percentage of total irrigation water saved from W1 and W2 were 25.24-44.52% compared to continuous flooding. Fertilizer deep placement (FDP) combined with organic compost significantly increased the grain yield of the tested hybrid rice variety. Average grain yield increased quickly from 2847 kg ha-1 with 0 kg N ha-1 to 5263 kg ha-1 with 120 kg N ha-1 under the fertilizer deep placement method. The highest total nitrogen uptake, agronomic nitrogen efficiency (ANE), and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) were obtained from alternate wetting and drying at a -20cm water depth and the fertilizer deep placement method (W1N2). In addition, it also gave the highest income in comparison with the other treatments. Therefore, alternate wetting and drying at a -20cm water depth and fertilizer deep placement method should be encouraged for implementation in other regions of Vietnam.

• Investigating the Influence of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Three Varieties of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

  Esiosa F. Adewale, Andrew A. Efisue, Caleb I. Adewale

  Received: Jun 09, 2024 / Accepted: Sep 24, 2024 / Published: Sep 30, 2024

   Abstract PDF

  Fertilizers play an important role in enhancing crop yield, growth, and fertility of the soil. This research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture teaching and research farm, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria to investigate the influence of inorganic fertilizer (urea) and organic manure (spent mushroom substrate and poultry manure) on the yield and growth parameters of three okra cultivars (Clemson Spineless, Perkin Long Pod and the Local Assertion). The urea was applied at the rate of 4g per 10kg of soil, while spent mushroom substrate and poultry manure were applied at the rates of 200g and 150g per 10kg of soil respectively at 4 weeks after planting. The treatments were laid in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. The results revealed that the okra cultivars responded positively to both organic manures when compared with urea and the control group where no fertilizer was applied. Furthermore, varieties grown with poultry manure generally had the highest fresh fruit weight, plant height, fruit length, number of fruits, and fresh fruit yield. Spent mushroom substrate influenced the number of fruits and fruit yield while urea influenced the leaf area, number of leaves, and leaf area index. Poultry manure was recorded as the best organic manure for okra growth and yield and is recommended to be used to grow okra plants. Also, the Perkin Long Pod variety is recommended to be the best for cultivation.

• The Effects of Vermicompost Leachate from Different Composting Materials on Growth and Yield of Cucumber

  Thu Thieu Thi Phong, Nguyen Anh Tuan, Nguyen Van Giang

  Received: Apr 17, 2026 / Accepted: Aug 08, 2026 / Published: Sep 30, 2026

   Abstract PDF

  This study aimed to identify suitable composting materials for producing high-quality vermicompost leachate (VL) and to evaluate its effects on cucumber plants. The research consisted of two experiments. The experiment 1 investigated the effects of composting materials on vermicomposting efficiency. The experiment 2 evaluated the effects of VL concentrations on the growth and yield of cucumber. The experiment 1 consisted of three composting treatments using different substrates, namely cow manure combined with water spinach, household organic waste, and coatbutton flowers (Bidens pilosa L.). The results showed that the treatment using cow manure combined with water spinach (VL1) had the best performance, generating VL with the highest electrical conductivity (EC) (1958 µS cm-¹) and the greatest number of adult earthworms after composting (494 individuals). The experiment 2 using VL1-VL included treatments of C0-1 (applied water only, NF), C0-2 (applied fertilizer according to the recommended cultivation protocol, CF), C1 (applied 10% VL), C2 (applied 15% VL), and C3 (applied 20% VL). The results showed that increasing the concentration of the VL1 vermicompost leachate significantly improved growth parameters, including plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry biomass, and yield. Notably, the treatment with 20% VL1-VL produced growth and yield values comparable to the control treatment using 100% chemical fertilizer. These findings contribute to promoting the conversion of agricultural by-products into useful inputs for crop production, thereby helping to reduce organic waste and environmental pollution.