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Preliminary Chemical Components and Bio-activities of Ficus racemosa Stem Bark Extracts

Nguyen Thi Hien, Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy, Chu Thi Thanh, Phung Thi Vinh

Received: Apr 17, 2025 / Accepted: Dec 13, 2025 / Published: Mar 31, 2026
This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and biological activities of Ficus racemosa bark. To achieve this, extracts were prepared using various solvents (acetone, hexane, methanol, ethanol, and aqueous mixtures) and subsequently evaluated for their antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory properties. The presence of bioactive compounds, including glycosides, steroids, tannins, polyphenols, and flavonoids was analyzed. Antioxidant potential was assessed via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing power assays. In the DPPH assay, the IC50 values ranged from 5.55 to 9.89 mg L-1, with the ethanol extract (S4) showing the lowest IC50 (5.55 mg L-1), surpassing vitamin C (IC50 = 6.18 mg L-1). The ferric reducing power assay indicated that the methanol extract (S2) exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity with an EC50 of 7.59 mg L-1, 3.5 times lower than that of the butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) standard (26.82 mg L-1). In vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assays revealed that all the extracts effectively suppressed enzyme activity, with IC50 values from 0.049 mg L-1 (S4) to 0.66 mg L-1 (S1), significantly lower than acarbose (IC50 = 156.16 mg L-1). Additionally, the extracts markedly reduced nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages (Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage cell line 264.7), with IC50 values between 62.08 and 182.47 µg.mL-1, compared to the positive control Nᴳ-Monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (IC50 = 11.91 µg.mL-1). These findings highlight the potent antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties of F. racemosa bark extracts, supporting their potential as natural therapeutic agents
Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Polysaccharide Extracts from the Fruiting Bodies of Magoderna subresinosum Collected in Vietnam

Tran Thu Ha, Nguyen Van Giang, Pham Xuan Hoi, Le Thanh Nhan, Dang Hoang Quyen

Received: May 26, 2026 / Accepted: Sep 05, 2026 / Published: Oct 31, 2026
Magoderna subresinosum is a medicinal mushroom with potential biological activities; however, information on polysaccharides from its fruiting bodies remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the total polysaccharide content, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory potential of polysaccharide extracts from the fruiting bodies of two M. subresinosum strains, Am6 and Am32, using commercial Ganoderma lucidum strain DT as a reference. Total polysaccharide content was quantified using a D-glucose standard curve and expressed as mg GE/g dry extract. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using the ABTS+ radical-scavenging assay and the bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay, respectively. The polysaccharide extraction yields were 11.43% and 12.23% for strains Am6 and Am32, respectively, compared with 10.24% for strain DT. Am32 showed the highest total polysaccharide content, reaching 700.08 ± 36.98 mg GE g-1 dry extract, which was significantly higher than those of strain Am6 and DT. Both M. subresinosum extracts exhibited concentration-dependent ABTS+ radical-scavenging activity, although their IC50 values were higher than those of G. lucidum strain DT and ascorbic acid. In the BSA denaturation assay, the PS extract of M. subresinosum strain Am32 exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory activity, showing greater inhibitory activity than the PS extract of G. lucidum strain DT. These findings suggest that the fruiting bodies of M. subresinosum are an abundant source of polysaccharides with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Further studies on the composition, molecular structure, and mechanisms of action are needed to clarify the bioactive properties of polysaccharide compounds from this mushroom species.
Nutritional, Antioxidant, and Antidiabetic Potential of Wild Edible Spondias lakonensis Pierre Fruits

Vu Thi Huyen, Lai Thi Ngoc Ha, Bui Thi Hong Hue, Le Thi Mai Linh, Dang Cong Anh, Nguyen Thi Hien, Doan Thi Thuy Ai

Received: Aug 20, 2024 / Accepted: Jun 23, 2025 / Published: Jun 28, 2025
Spondias lakonensis Pierre is a wild edible fruit used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases. In this study, the nutritional quality and biological activity of S. lakonensis fruits were investigated. The results of the nutritional components analyses were recorded for the vitamin C content (142.80 ± 0.74 mg/100 g) in the pulp, and total ash (2.88 ± 0.07% and 7.25 ± 0.19%), crude lipid (5.80 ± 0.21% and 11.54 ± 0.20%), and total protein (6.70 ± 0.77% and 12.74 ± 1.89%) in the pulp and seeds, respectively. At the suitable conditions for extracting polyphenol compounds (70% acetone at 30°C for 10min with a material/solvent ratio of 1/20 g mL-1), the value of the total polyphenol content (TPC) was 12.32 ± 0.07mg GAE g-1 in the pulp and 24.63 ± 0.07 mg GAE g-1 in the seeds. The results of the DPPH tests indicated that the acetone extracts were good sources of antioxidants with IC50 values of 10.44 ± 0.62 μg mL-1 (pulp) and 29.20 ± 1.76 μg mL-1 (seeds). The extracts also demonstrated strong a-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 0.77 ± 0.02 mg mL-1 in the pulp and 10.24 ± 0.15 mg mL-1 in the seeds. S. lakonensis fruits possess promising nutritional and pharmaceutical potential.
Phenolic Extracts from Myrtaceae Leaves Improve the Quality and Shelf-life of Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp

Lai Thi Ngoc Ha, Tran Thi Hoai, Nguyen Van Lam, Hoang Lan Phuong

Received: Aug 04, 2022 / Published: Dec 30, 2022
This study aimed to quantify the phenolic contents and the antioxidant capacities of leaf extract powders from three Myrtaceae plants, namely Cleistocalyx operculatus (Vietnamese name: Vối), Psidium guajava (Ổi), and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Sim), investigate their inhibitive activities on the growth of bacteria isolated from spoiled shrimps, and evaluate their values as preservative agents in the cold storage of Pacific whiteleg shrimps (Penaeus vannamei). The extract leaf powders from R. tomentosa, C. operculatus, and P. guajava had high phenolic contents of 281.25, 282.36, and 349.51 mg gallic acid equivalent/g leaf extract, respectively. Among the three plants, the extract powders of R. tomentosa and P. guajava leaves had the highest antioxidant capacities (about 4 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g) followed by the one of C. operculatus (2.85 mmol TE/g). These three extract powders showed significant antibacterial activities against the seven bacteria isolated from cold-stored spoiled whiteleg shrimps with the inhibition zones ranging from 0.33 to 19.67mm depending on the extract concentration. Among the three leaf extracts, the one from P. guajava leaves showed the highest inhibitive activity. Aeromonas sp2 was the most sensible to Myrtaceae leaf extracts while Aeromonas sp4 was the least affected strain. All the extracts showed high inhibitive activities against melanosis, volatile nitrogen-containing compounds formation, lipid oxidation, and microbial growth in stored shrimps, thereby prolonging the shelf-life of the shrimps. The results suggested the potential application of these three Myrtaceae plants as sources of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in the cold storage of shrimps.
Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant and Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of the Stem Bark of Dialium cochinchinense Pierre

Tran Thi Thu Trang, Lai Thi Ngoc Ha, Doan Thi Thuy Ai, Nguyen Thi Hien, Nguyen Thi Thu Tram, Vu Thi Huyen

Received: Jun 18, 2020 / Published: Mar 30, 2022
The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical compositions and to evaluate the biological activity of the stem bark of Dialium cochinchinense. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, saponins, and phenolics in the stem bark of D. cochinchinense. The optimal extraction conditions were 70% ethanol at 30°C for 40min with a material/solvent ratio of 1/20. Under the optimal conditions, the corresponding predicted response value for the total phenolic content was 100.80 ± 0.40 mg GAE/g DW. The evaluation of antioxidant activity indicated that the polyphenol-rich extract was a good source of antioxidants as measured by the DPPH assay with the IC50 of 3.81 ± 0.58 μg mL-1. The extract also demonstrated a strong a-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of 2.14 ± 0.05 μg/mL. Therefore, D. cochinchinense could be useful as a potential preventive intervention for free radicals in mediated diseases as well as an antioxidant drug and a potential source in treating diabetes mellitus in the pharmaceutical industry.
Plant-based Feed Additives for Sustainable Nile Tilapia Aquaculture: A Review of Applications, Mechanisms, and Future Opportunities

Le Xuan Chinh, Tran Thi Nang Thu, Vu Duc Manh, Nguyen Trung Duc, Nguyen Thi Mai

Received: Feb 01, 2026 / Accepted: Sep 23, 2026 / Published: Sep 30, 2026
The use of plant-based feed additives (PBFAs) in Nile tilapia aquaculture is gaining attention as a sustainable alternative to synthetic inputs, with reported benefits for growth, immunity, and disease resistance. This review synthesizes evidence on PBFAs, including crude powders, extracts, essential oils, and purified bioactives, from plants such as garlic, ginger, aloe vera, and moringa. Their effects involve interconnected pathways, including immunomodulation, antioxidant defense, antimicrobial activity, host–microbiome modulation, molecular signaling, and reproductive or endocrine regulation, thereby supporting growth performance, feed efficiency, physiological resilience, reproductive indices, and survival after pathogen challenge. However, commercial adoption is constrained by phytochemical variability, limited standardization, incomplete understanding of species- and context-dependent responses, and regulatory gaps. Future work should prioritize mechanistic validation, optimized formulation, and practical delivery strategies for sustainable Nile tilapia production.
Optimization of Chlorogenic Acid Extraction from Green Coffee Beans Using Response Surface Methodology

Lai Thi Ngoc Ha, Nguyen Viet Phuong, Tran Thi Hoai, Dao Thi Viet Ha, Hoang Hai Ha

Received: Apr 10, 2019 / Published: Jun 06, 2019
Chlorogenic acid is a natural antioxidant that is widespread in the plant kingdom and can be found at a high content level in green coffee beans. This secondary metabolite in green coffee beans has potent biological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-hypertension, and anticonvulsant. In this study, the extraction of chlorogenic acid from Vietnamese green coffee beans was optimized using the response surface methodology. A second-order polynomial model with three important variables (liquid-to-solid ratio, temperature, and extraction time) was used. A rotatable central composite design consisting of 21 experimental runs with three replicates at the center point was applied to describe the experimental data. The experimental results properly conformed to the constructed model (R2 = 0.8549). The optimized conditions were as follows: 40% ethanol (v/v), a liquid-to-solid ratio of 11.77, at 85oC for 64 min. Four extractions were performed in parallel using the optimal conditions to validate the model. The experimental values highly agreed with the predicted value (P <0.05).
Agronomic Characteristics, Anthocyanin Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Anthocynins Extracted from the Seeds of Black Rice Accessions

Phan Thi Thuy, Nguyen Quoc Trung, Do Thi Huong

Received: Jan 08, 2019 / Published: Feb 13, 2019
The objectives of this study were to investigate the morphological characteristics, grain yield, and anthocyanin content of 36 black rice accessions that were collected from different locations in Vietnam. The results showed that the black rice accessions varied in growth duration (130 to 150 days), plant height (91.5 to 143.6 cm), morphological characteristics, and yield components. Grain yield of the black rice accessions ranged from 2.8 to 8.7 tons ha-1. The black rice accessions were classified into four groups based on their anthocyanin content: group I > 0.1% anthocyanin, group II 0.05%-0.1%, group III 0.001%-0.05%, and group IV < 0.001%. BR7 had the highest anthocyanin content (0.1438%), followed by BR5 (0.1317%). Anthocyanins with the strongest antioxidant activities were extracted from BR8, BR35, BR6, BR27, BR30, BR32, BR18, BR17, BR19, and BR1 with IC50 values less than 2 µg mL-1. Seven promising black rice accessions, namely BR1, BR14, BR17, BR25, BR30, BR34, and BR35, were selected for further research based on their high anthocyanin contents, and good grain yield and yield components.
Effects of Dietary Gamnui (Gnetum montanum) Extract on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

Le Xuan Chinh, Nguyen Thu Hang, Nguyen Thi Mai

Received: Jul 04, 2025 / Accepted: Dec 08, 2025 / Published: Dec 31, 2025
The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Gamnui (Gnetum montanum) extract on growth performance, immune response, and disease resistance in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Four experimental diets were formulated by adding Gamnui extract at 0 (G0), 2 (G2), 5 (G5), and 10 g kg-1 feed (G10), and administered to juvenile fish for six weeks. Growth parameters including final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain (DWG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded, along with relative internal organ indices. Post-feeding, fish were challenged with Aeromonas veronii to assess cumulative mortality and immune-related parameters. The results indicated no significant differences among dietary treatments in terms of final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, or feed conversion ratio. Similarly, hepatosomatic (HSI), viscerosomatic (VSI), and gut indices (GSI) were unaffected. After bacterial challenge, the G10 group exhibited the lowest cumulative mortality, compared to the control (G0). Dietary Gamnui extract modulated several immune-related indicators: myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity increased consistently in fish receiving 10 g kg-1, while glutathione (GSH) levels were elevated across all supplemented groups, indicating enhanced antioxidant capacity. Peroxidase activity exhibited a treatment-dependent response after infection, whereas lysozyme activity did not change.. In summary, dietary Gamnui extract did not influence fish growth performance but enhanced non-specific immune responses and disease resistance, particularly at 10 g kg-1. These findings highlight the potential of this medicinal plant extract as a sustainable immunostimulant in aquafeed for striped catfish.
The First Agro-biological Characterization of Various Vine Tea (Ampelopsis cantoniensis (H&A) Pl.) Accessions Collected in Northern Vietnam

Ninh Thi Phip, Nguyen Phuong Mai, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai, Nguyen Huy Van, Nguyen Mai Thom, Bui The Khuynh, Phan Thi Hong Nhung

Received: May 21, 2024 / Accepted: Nov 29, 2024 / Published: Dec 20, 2024
Vine tea (Ampelopsis cantoniensis (H&A) Pl.) is a beneficial herbal tea with a high content of the natural antioxidant dihydromyricetin (DHM). Five accessions of vine tea were collected from different locations in Vietnam, viz. VT-CD01 (collected in Sapa), VT-CD02 (Lai Chau - 1), VT-CD03 (Lai Chau - 2), VT-CD04 (Son La), and VT-CD05 (Bac Giang), and were grown in Sapa, Lao Cai, Vietnam from 2017 to 2020 to evaluate their agro-biological characteristics and DHM contents. The leaf color, color of the young petiole, and leaflet shape of these accessions showed similar morphological characteristics to the snake wine vine. VT-CD01, VT-CD02, and VT-CD04 featured purple young leaves, whereas the leaves of VT-CD03 and VT-CD05 were green. VT-CD01 and VT-CD02 showed the best growth with the highest numbers of branches, high yields, and high DHM contents (35.02% in VT-CD01 and 35.25% in VT-CD02). The DHM in VT-CD03 (34.41%) and VT-CD04 (30.86%) also were high, whereas that in VT-CD05 (6.3%) was lower than the requirement of Vietnamese Pharmacopeia V (18%). The accessions VT-CD03, VT-DC04, and especially VT-CD01 and VT-CD02 should be cultivated and are recommended for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.
Exploitation of Catechin Extract from Pruned Tea Leaves as a Promising Food Preservative Against Lipid Oxidation

Lai Thi Ngoc Ha, Tran Thi Hoai, Hoang Lan Phuong, Nguyen Van Lam

Received: Jun 19, 2023 / Published: Mar 29, 2024
In Vietnam, a tea-producing country, the tea buds and top three leaves are normally used for tea production while older leaves are pruned and discarded as agricultural waste in the winter. The present study aimed to exploit catechins from pruned tea leaves and use them as natural antioxidants for applications in the food industry. Catechins were analyzed using the guideline of ISO 14502-2-2005 by HPLC-MWD. The contents of catechins in pruned tea leaves of ten popular tea varieties were relatively high, ranging from 65.57 to 136.88 mg/g dry weight. The optimized conditions for catechin extraction from Phuc Van Tien pruned tea leaves (one of the varieties with a high catechin content) were found using response surface methodology as follows: a liquid-to-solid ratio of 21.6/1 at 70oC for 31 minutes. The catechin-rich extract powder was added to sesame oil to inhibit lipid oxidation. During oil accelerated oxidation at 60oC, the catechin-rich extract powder inhibited the increase of the peroxide value compared with the negative and positive controls (no preservative and added tert-butylhydroquinone, respectively). Significant positive correlations between the decrease of catechin content and the inhibition of peroxide formation (r = 0.91, 0.94, 0.95, 0.97, and 0.96 for catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin, respectively, P <0.05) proved that the inhibition of peroxide formation in the sesame oil was essentially due to the antioxidant capacity of the catechins in the pruned tea leaf extract. Catechin extracts from pruned tea leaves are potential sources of natural antioxidants for oil preservation.
Chemical constituents of leaves Dialium cochinchinense Pierre

Vu Thi Huyen, Doan Thi Thuy Ai, Nguyen Thi Hien

Received: Sep 30, 2020 / Published: Oct 28, 2021
The genus Dialium belongs to the Caesalpinioideae family, consisting of approximately 30 species distributed in the tropical regions. Secondary metabolites from the Dialium genus have been reported to exhibit various biological activities including antioxidant, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. This work describes the isolation and characterization of five compounds from the leaves of Dialium cochinchinense Pierre. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis, including MS and NMR spectra. Accordingly, the isolated compounds were identified to be lupeone (1), b-sitostenone (2), β-sitosterol (3), daucosterol (4), and dihydrokaempferide (5). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of compounds 1 and 5 from the genus Dialium.
Investigating the Potential of Vietnamese Tea Seed Oil (Camellia sinensis O.Kuntze) for the Enhancement of Oxidative Stability in Vegetable Oils

Phan Thi Phuong Thao, Tran Thi Thu Hang, Pham Le Nguyet Anh, Vu Hong Son

Received: Mar 06, 2020 / Published: Jun 18, 2021
This study examined the effectiveness of different antioxidative compounds, namely 0.2% BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole) + BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), 0.03% α – tocopherol, and 3% and 6% tea seed oil (TSO) on the oxidative stability of vegetable oils. Four commonly used oils, viz. rapeseed oil (RSO), peanut oil (PNO), sunflower oil (SFO), and soybean oil (SBO), were assessed by the Schall Oven test method and monitored during the 12-day preservation period under 60°C. The total oxidation values (TOTOX) of the samples treated with 6% TSO were lower than those treated with 0.2% BHA+BHT. The results indicated the potential of TSO as a novel natural antioxidant for dietary vegetable oils. Our study also suggested that TSO could serve as an effective substitution for currently used synthetic antioxidants such as BHA and BHT.

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